On a recent chilly fall morning, my son and daughter and I had an "Olympic Games Day" out in our backyard. My son had brainstormed some games and equipment we could use to imitate the ancient, original Olympic games in Olympia he had read about in social studies:
Javelin-- carved wooden spear
Discus-- bocce ball
Long jump-- see how far past a line they could each take a running leap
Races-- timed around the perimeter of our yard
Wrestling-- because they really wanted to, although we added a few more rules beyond the two authentic ones we'd read about in Ancient Greece (which were simply: no biting and no sticking your fingers in your opponent's eyes!)
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| Olympic Games Day "Javelin" |
We made some accommodations to each game to make it a little more fair for my 7-year-old going up against her 12-year-old brother. We even came up with a basic point system, doing a few trials of some of the activities and then tallying the points and announcing gold, silver, and bronze (for the activities I was willing to be a third participant in). Winners received gold-, silver-, or blue-wrapped chocolate coins we happened to have leftover in our candy stash.
Needless to say, the kids loved it. But I don't get to take credit for the fun idea, as it was included as a suggested activity in my Core Knowledge Teacher Guide for the Ancient Greece and Rome unit my son is doing in history currently.
We've been using Core Knowledge history units for several years now in our homeschool, and one of my favorite things about them is the enriching additional activities suggested along with every chapter or two, like our Olympic Games Day last week. There are a lot of things I like about this resource for teaching and learning history, though. Here's my review of the curricula.
The Approach
The Core Knowledge Foundation, according to their web site, wants the emphasis of K-8 education to be "an enabling core of broadly shared knowledge...Such knowledge is possessed by successful adults and taken for granted by literate writers and speakers. It's the broad and diverse knowledge that makes responsible citizenship possible." It's a lofty statement, but the idea is that there are things we all need to know. The Core Knowledge Sequence, in fact, lays out ALL of those things they think kids should know from preschool through grade 8 in language arts, history, geography, mathematics, science, visual arts and music. It's an intense, and, honestly, overwhelming document. I wouldn't want to teach every subject using Core Knowledge resources because I think the kids would tire of everything being taught in the same basic structure all day; also, I have other programs and resources I love in other subject areas. But for history studies, it is our foundation and we've found it indispensable.
Getting Started
When I am planning our year, I go to the Core Knowledge web site, click on Curriculum, and then Download Curriculum. You can filter by academic subject and/or grade level on the side. The page will show you all the units available that fit your search terms. I like to just select "History & Geography" and not specify a grade level so that I see all the social studies units. As the grade levels go up, the reading level of the student readers is higher, and some of the content is more complex, but a grade level or so up or down from where you child is doesn't matter at all. I select units based on what we want to study rather than on grade level, and more and more over the years I have my son (now a 7th grader) choose. I do NOT try to teach all of the units listed within a certain grade level. There is a breakneck pace mandated in the teacher guide if one were to do so to fit it all in; we like to take our time and work through the units deeply rather than trying to get through a certain number of them.
Unit Components
The units consist of a Student Reader, a Teacher Guide, Timeline Cards, and Online Resources. A little more about each of these components is below.
Student Reader: The Student Reader is a textbook for the unit. Some of the smaller units have just a few chapters, while the heftier ones can have around 20. Each chapter is just a few pages long and has a "Big Question" at the beginning to help students focus on the big ideas of the chapter. For a chapter called "The Golden Age of Athens" in our Ancient Greece and Rome unit, the big question was: "What were some of the cultural achievements during the Golden Age of Athens?" In the past, my son and I would discuss the Big Question after reading and discussing a chapter. This year, now that he's older, I've been having him write each Big Question and his paragraph response in a certain section of his social studies notebook. (It is a suggestion in the Teacher Guide to have students do so.) This way he has all the "answers" to the big concepts of the unit in one place to refer to or use for studying. My son is a detail guy so he tends to go off on a tangent with a lot of details about one particular part of a chapter he found interesting, so it has been challenging, but good for him, to learn that he has to first make sure he answers (and can sift out) the big ideas of the chapter. The Student Reader also has some photos, maps, and drawings that illustrate the chapter contents. Each chapter contains several key vocabulary words defined in sidebar boxes, to aid comprehension of the chapter and help boost students' vocabularies as a whole. The Student Reader is available as an actual book for purchase, or as a FREE downloaded PDF from the Core Knowledge web site. (See more about these options below under Cost.)
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| Student Reader |
Teacher Guide
The Teacher Guide is also available for purchase as a text or for free as a PDF download. The Teacher Guide includes the pacing guide, which I largely ignore. (We go at our own pace which is generally a bit than the 45 minutes a day, 5 days a week pace that is outlined.) It includes some general teaching suggestions and information about the unit components, and some worksheets that can be photocopied out of the back for student use (including crossword puzzles, fill-in-the-blanks, graphic organizers, and multiple-choice quizzes). There are also performance assessments at the end of each unit, suggesting larger and interdisciplinary projects to end each unit with a bang, whether by writing a story or essay, making a travel brochure, writing a poem, or making a piece of artwork.
But the bulk of the Teacher Guide is chapter-by-chapter guidance. Every chapter, right through middle school-level units, includes pages of Guided Reading Supports for the chapter-- page-by-page commentary and questions to ask students to confirm their understanding (there are "Literal," "Evaluative," and "Inferential" questions). When my son was in 4th grade, we would read the chapters together, and I would refer to my Teacher Guide and ask all of these questions as we went. But my son is a good reader and this process made him a little antsy to just get on with it. So then we evolved to having him read an entire chapter (or two) and then I'd sit with him and go back and ask him a selection of these questions to check for understanding. Now that he's a 7th grader, we are skipping the guided reading supports; I am having him read a chapter, write his response to the Big Question on the chapter's big ideas, then I discuss with him his response to the Big Question with evidence from the text as needed. (A sample response to each Big Question is also included in the Teacher Guide.)
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| Teacher Guide |
Timeline Cards
Just as the Teacher Guide and Student Reader are, the Timeline Cards are available as a free download to be printed out, or for purchase in a cardstock bundle. Most chapters have at least one timeline card. Our current Ancient Greece and Rome unit has 24 Timeline Cards total, over 17 chapters. As you progress through the chapters, you hang up these Timeline Cards in order. Each card is 8.5 x 11 and shows an image and caption representative of the chapter, along with the date. The cumulative effect of hanging them all over the course of a unit helps students keep an eye on all they've read so far and internalize each event in history along with a sense of when it happened in relation to other events around that time or concept. The Teacher Guide suggests different ways of displaying the timeline, including vertically, horizontally, and pinned to a clothesline strung across the room. We have our current timeline making its way across the top of the wall around our great room and it works.
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| Timeline Cards |
Cost
All these resources are available for FREE download at the Core Knowledge web site. For our first three years of utilizing Core Knowledge units, we did exactly that, my son reading the chapters on an iPad, me looking through the Teacher Guide notes on my laptop, printing out the Timeline Cards to hang on our walls-- and it worked. It's so great these resources are all free. However, this year for the first time we decided to spend the relatively small amounts to order the real life Teacher Guides, Student Readers, and even Timeline Cards. (This is largely because of a larger goal to help my son improve his study skills like reading for key ideas, underlining or highlighting as he goes, and notetaking. I thought those things might be easier to work on in concrete form, at least for now.) The books are attractive, the Student Reader the length and width of a paperback novel, the Teacher Guide spiral bound for easy use.
Cross-Curricular Connections
These units are a great foundation for any given event or period of time we've studied in history. They provide the backbone but they are not all we do. I think the most impactful unit we have done so far was the one on the American Revolution when my son was in 4th grade. We worked through the big Core Knowledge unit. But meanwhile, when he had reading time during the school day I had him choose from among some books in a couple of baskets of nonfiction on the topic of the American Revolution. (We discovered some real favorites in those days, and my son continues to tell anecdotes he learned via now-beloved nonfiction author, Steve Sheinkin, from his hilarious King George: What Was His Problem?) During writing time, he wrote a couple of informational pieces on subtopics of the American Revolution, synthesizing facts and stories from across multiple sources. History became a love of his that year, and the topics and themes of the American Revolution in particular, in part because we immersed ourselves in it.
Online Resources
Each unit includes a link on the Core Knowledge web site for online resources, which anyone has access to, whether you purchased the books or just downloaded the free versions. The Teacher Guide at the end of each chapter will recommend activities that utilize one or several of these online resources. These "extra" activities can take a whole session or more, but they are generally well worth it.
Here's a selection of fun and enriching things we've done by way of the online resources and Teacher Guide suggestions of these units over the years:
- Played Native American games (Native Americans, Kindergarten)
- Watched the animated movie The Prince of Egypt, which tells the story of Moses and the Exodus (Three World Religions, Grade 1)
- Went on a virtual field trip to Versailles (French Revolution and Romanticism, Grade 6)
- Created our own illuminated manuscripts (Medieval Europe, Grade 4)
- Watched a video of Kabuki Theater, and wrote haiku (Feudal Japan, Grade 5)
- Analyzed and compared two African American spirituals (Civil War, Grade 5)
- Played a Maya math game (Maya, Aztec, and Inca Civilizzations, Grade 5)
- Made a papier-mache pinata (The Culture of Mexico, Grade 1)
- Met and fell in love with the musical Hamilton through a video of "My Shot" (The United States Constitution, Grade 4)
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| W's own illuminated manuscript next to some actual ones (Medieval Europe, Grade 4) |
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| Pinata painting (Mexico Culture, Grade 1) |
If used in one way, the Core Knowledge history units could be viewed as just another boring textbook. But I think it's best used as strong foundation for interdisciplinary study (doing some related reading, writing, art, etc.), and is greatly enriched by the engaging performance assessments at the end of each unit and by the online resources referenced in the units and linked online.
I recommend these history units for homeschool or school use! Please let me know if you've tried them, or if you have any questions about implementing them. <3